A Review of Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) Technology for Residential Applications: Performance Indicators, Progress, and Opportunities

Solar energy has been one of the accessible and affordable renewable technologies for last few decades. Photovoltaics solar thermal collectors are mature to harness energy. However, efficiency photovoltaics decays at increased operating temperatures, suffer from low exergy. Furthermore, along with several financial, structural, technical socio-cultural barriers, limited shadow-free space on building rooftops significantly affected adoption Thus, Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) that combine advantages photovoltaic cells collector into a single system have developed. This study gives an extensive review different PVT systems residential applications, their performance indicators, progress, limitations research opportunities. The literature indicated used air, water, bi-fluids, nanofluids, refrigerants phase-change material as cooling medium sometimes integrated heat pumps seasonal storage. overall reached up 81% depending upon design environmental conditions, there is generally trade-off between electrical efficiency. also highlights future prospects in areas such materials design, long-term reliability experiments, multi-objective optimisation, techno-exergo-economics recycling.